This chapter will present a quantitative description of when the chemical composition of a system is not constant with time. Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, the changes in the concentrations of reactants and products with time. With a discussion of chemical kinetics, the reaction rates or the changes in the concentrations of reactants and products with time are studied. The techniques you are about to learn will enable you to describe the speed of many such changes and predict how the composition of each system will change in response to changing conditions. As you learn about the factors that affect reaction rates, the methods chemists use for reporting and calculating those rates, and the clues that reaction rates provide about events at the molecular level.
Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged particles called electrons revolve around the centre of the nucleus.
Isotopes-Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isobars-Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements having equal values for atomic mass. Isotones-Isotones are atoms of different elements having an equal number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
Hydrogen is the non-metal with the chemical symbol H. ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ข๐ณ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ข of hydrogen is H2. Hydrogen has been recognized as a convenient, clean-burning fuel. It can be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid and is suitable for internal combustion engines in automobiles. Hydrogen itself is non-toxic and not carcinogenic. Hydrogen can be produced from coal and water. It is a critical element in the production of polyurethane plastics.
Chemistry is one of the most important yet challenging subjects in Class 12. The entire subject of 100 marks is divided into two papers โ theory paper of 70 marks and practical of 30 marks.
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